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[(MEASUREMENT )444(USING )-365(A)]TJ
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(ABSTRACT)Tj
1 -21 Td
[(Precise )-1362(heat )-984(transfer )-1796(measurements )-1529(have )-662(been )-762(carried )-1474(out )-772(during )-1139(the )-828(last )-1161(20 )-450(years )-1140(using )-983(a)]TJ
0 -11 TD
[(guarded )-1229(heater )-1407(plate )-1406(apparatus. )-2168(Th~s )-609(apparatus )-1818(has )-817(been )-762(adapted )-1440(and )-606(used )-917(over )-873(the )-928(last)]TJ
T*
[(several )-1318(years )-1040(to )-572(perform )-1029(U-value )-929(measurements )-1329(on )-350(a )-406(variety )-1473(of )-617(prototypical )-2117(glazing )-1206(systems.)]TJ
0 -10 TD
[(Results )-1405(from )-806(two )-550(sets )-1150(of )-717(measurements )-1629(are )-829(presented. )-2068(One )-384(set )-1039(of )-617(results )-1839(quantifies )-2206(heat)]TJ
0 -11 TD
[(transfer )-1596(across )-1051(stagnant )-1317(air )-895(layers )-1162(containing )-1528(an )-406(intermediate )-1851(fluorinated )-1962(ethylene-propylene)]TJ
1 -11 Td
[(\(FEP\) )-661(glazing )-1306(and )-606(bounded )-806(by )-450(plates )-1317(of )-617(various )-1306(emissivities. )-2677(The )-395(second )-873(set )-939(consists )-1683(of )]TJ
-1 -10 Td
[(values )-895(\(i.e., )-1745(glass-to-glass )-2306(U-values\) )-1107(for )-784(a )-306(set )-839(of )-517(glazing )-1106(systems )-783(that )-950(incorporate )-1596(up )-350(to )-572(four)]TJ
T*
[(glazings, )-1667(one )-406(of )-617(two )-450(solar-control )-2240(metal )-828(coatings )-1317(and )-506(up )-350(to )-672(two )-350(intermediate )-1851(glazings )-1317(made )-384(of)]TJ
0 -10 TD
[(FEP )-227(film. )-1233(In )-617(each )-718(case )-929(the )-728(measured )-1018(results )-1639(are )-829(compared )-807(to )-672(simulation. )-2077(In )-617(the )-828(first )-1439(study)]TJ
T*
[(the )-728(discrepancy )-1674(between )-918(measured )-918(and )-506(calculated )-1896(heat )-784(transfer )-1796(rates )-1162(was )-395(less )-1050(than )-828(2~ )-409(in )-672(all)]TJ
0 -11 TD
[(cases. )-1190(In )-617(the )-728(second )-873(study )-883(the )-728(discrepancy )-1574(was )-395(never )-829(greater )-1374(than )-828(8~ )-309(and )-506(was )-395(less )-1050(than )-828(3~ )-309(in)]TJ
T*
[(the )-728(majority )-1261(of )-517(cases. )-1190(These )-662(results )-1539(indicate )-1484(that )-950(the )-728(test )-1061(method )-550(used )-717(is )-683(well )-728(suited )-1161(to )-672(the)]TJ
T*
[(reliable )-1751(measurement )-1118(of )-617(glazing )-1206(system )-872(U-value. )-1379(It )-739(is )-783(a )-406(useful )-1206(tool )-994(as )-617(a )-406(developmental )-1662(test)]TJ
0 -10 TD
[(procedure )-1352(for )-784(glazing )-1306(system )-972(design )-1039(because )-1085(it )-894(can )-562(be )-506(carried )-1474(out )-772(quickly )-1250(and )-506(at )-728(low )-450(cost.)]TJ
T*
[(The )-395(apparatus )-1218(and )-506(procedure )-1052(are )-729(described )-1318(in )-572(detail.)]TJ
0 -33 TD
(INTRODUCTION)Tj
0 -21 TD
[(The )-695(guarded)-2079(heater )-1207(plate )-1106(apparatus )-1518(consists )-1583(primarily )-1628(of )-617(two )-450(parallel )-1751(copper )-929(plates )-1317(\(each)]TJ
0 -10 TD
[(25x25x0.5 )-1100(in)-1322([635x635x12.7 )-1767(mm]\), )-678(positioned )-1883(facing )-1251(each )-818(other, )-1445(that )-1150(can )-662(be )-506(maintained )-1606(at)]TJ
0 -11 TD
[(different )-1707(but)-1222(constant )-1717(temperatures. )-2535(Each )-651(plate )-1306(is )-883(held )-928(at )-828(its )-1105(desired )-1562(temperature )-2074(by )-450(a)]TJ
T*
[(constant )-1317(,temperature )-1824(circulating )-2073(bath )-728(that )-950(pumps )-383(a )-406(steady )-995(flow )-617(of )-617(water )-729(and )-506(glycol )-1050(through )-1039(a)]TJ
0 -10 TD
[(manifold )-1239(of )-617(tubes )-939(attached )-1518(to )-672(the )-828(back )-662(of )-617(the )-728(copper )-1029(plate. )-1456(The )-495(warm )-273(copper )-929(plate )-1206(contains)]TJ
0 -11 TD
[(three )-1051(guarded )-829(heater )-1107(plates. )-1567(These )-662(three )-951(heater )-1207(plates )-1217(\(each )-785(7.875x7.875 )-1350(in )-572([200x200 )-817(mm]\) )-328(lie)]TJ
0 -10 TD
[(in )-672(recesses )-1474(located )-1462(in )-572(a )-506(row )-395(across )-1251(the )-728(center )-1307(of )-617(the )-728(warm )-273(copper )-1029(plate. )-1456(This )-772(heater )-1307(plate)]TJ
0 -11 TD
[(arrangement )-1252(is )-683(shown )-339(in )-572(Figure )-939(1. )-600(It )-839(is )-683(possible )-1272(to )-672(measure )-718(the )-628(heat )-784(transfer )-1596(that )-950(occurs )-940(over)]TJ
0 -10 TD
[(the )-828(face )-1085(of )-717(each )-818(of )-717(the )-828(guarded )-1229(heater )-1507(plates. )-1867(An )-328(earlier )-1896(version )-1506(of )-717(the )-828(copper )-1129(plates)]TJ
0 -12 TD
[(contained )-1762(only )-872(one )-606(guarded )-1129(heater )-1407(plate )-1306(at )-828(the )-828(center )-1407(of )-617(the )-828(warm )-373(copper )-1129(plate. )-3356(This)]TJ
0 -10 TD
[(configuration )-2162(was )-495(capable )-1096(of )-617(measuring )-1184(heat )-784(transfer )-1796(at )-628(the )-828(center )-1107(region )-1095(only, )-1122(and )-506(no )-450(heat)]TJ
0 -11 TD
[(transfer )-1396(information )-1428(at )-528(the )-728(edges )-573(could )-728(be )-406(gathered.)]TJ
43 -21 Td
[(Each )-351(heater )-1007(plate )-1006(is )-583(positioned )-1383(in )-572(a )-406(recess )-1007(so )-461(that )-850(the )-628(flat )-1017(face )-785(of )-517(the )-628(heater )-1007(plate )-906(is)]TJ
-43 -11 Td
[(flush )-950(with )-572(the )-728(surface )-1063(of )-517(the )-728(warm )-73(copper )-829(plate, )-1256(as )-517(indicated )-1384(in )-572(Figure )-939(2. )-600(Each )-351(heater )-1107(plate )-1006(is)]TJ
0 -10 TD
[(also )-839(made )-284(of )-517(copper. )-1079(Thus, )-700(with )-672(the )-728(heater )-1107(plates )-1217(properly )-1162(positioned, )-1833(the )-628(full )-1061(surface )-1263(of )-517(the)]TJ
T*
[(warm )-373(copper )-929(plate )-1306(appears )-1196(to )-672(be )-506(flat )-1317(and )-506(continuous. )-2011(The )-495(experimental )-1929(measurement )-1218(of )-617(heat)]TJ
0 -11 TD
[(transfer )-1696(involves )-1361(the )-828(adjustment )-1461(of )-617(the )-728(electrical )-2185(power )-651(supplied )-1361(to )-572(the )-828(nichrome )-973(wire )-773(in )-572(a)]TJ
0 -10 TD
[(heater )-1207(plate )-1106(until )-1216(zero )-729(temperature )-1574(difference )-1797(is )-783(measured )-818(between )-818(that )-1050(heater )-1107(plate )-1106(and )-506(the)]TJ
0 -11 TD
[(larger )-1318(copper )-929(plate )-1106(in )-672(which )-706(it )-794(is )-783(embedded. )-990(Once )-340(this )-1105(condition )-1572(is )-783(reached )-1041(there )-1151(can )-562(be )-506(no)]TJ
0 -10 TD
[(heat )-684(transfer )-1496(between )-618(the )-628(heater )-1007(plate )-1006(and )-406(the )-628(warm )-73(copper )-729(plate )-1006(and )-406(all )-850(of )-517(the )-628(electrical )-1885(power)]TJ
0 -43 TD
[(John )-561(L. )-589(Wright, )-967(Research )-985(Engineer, )-1390(Department )-1029(of )-517(Mechanical )-1085(Engineering, )-1712(University )-1428(of)]TJ
0 -10 TD
[(Waterloo, )-1179(Waterloo, )-1079(Ontario, )-1345(Canada, )-801(and )-406(H.F. )-672(Sullivan, )-1566(Professor, )-1623(Department )-929(of )-517(Mechanical)]TJ
1 -12 Td
[(Engineering, )-1512(University )-1328(of )-517(Waterloo, )-1079(Waterloo, )-1179(Ontario, )-1245(Canada)]TJ
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/© 1988. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 94, Part 2.
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